Kingdoms and States of Arabian Peninsula before Islam

ABSTRACT: The topic is the kingdoms and states of Arabian Peninsula before Islam. Our discussion about thepre-Islamic era cannot be completed without a statement of those Arab kingdoms and states that arose on theoutskirts of the Arab island before Islam, such as: Kingdoms of Yemen in the south, Kingdom of Ḥīra in thenortheast and Ghasᾱsina state in the northwest, as well as, the central island, especially the cities of Ḥijᾱz.So,first, we will mention the Arab Kingdoms and States in Southern Arabian Peninsula, and secondly, the ArabEmirates in Northern Arabian Peninsula,as we have to clarify the political situationof Arabian Peninsula,whichwas located between two great empires: Persian Empire in the east, and Roman Empire in the west,because those two competing empires were on display of the Bedouin invasions who were launching the raidson their borders from time to time. Persians and Romans both attempted to invade Arabian Peninsula, but theywere retreating from the invasion due to the human and material losses. However. Persia wanted to establish agarrison on its border, corresponding to the desert, and succeeded in its project temporarily, and repelled theinvasions and raids of Bedouin tribes.

Keywords: 1.Hīra 2. Manāḏira 3. Ghasāsina 4. Ḥijᾱz 5. Mecca 6. Medina 7. Ṭā‟if.